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On Crimes and Punishments
''On Crimes and Punishments'' ((イタリア語:Dei delitti e delle pene) (:dei deˈlitti e ddelle ˈpeːne)), is a treatise written by Cesare Beccaria in 1764. It condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology.
==History==
Beccaria and the brothers Pietro and Alessandro Verri started an important cultural reformist movement centered around their journal ''Il Caffè'' ("''The Coffee House''"), which ran from the summer of 1764 for about two years, and was inspired by Addison and Steele's literary magazine, ''The Spectator'' and other such journals. Il Caffè represented an entirely new cultural moment in northern Italy. With their Enlightenment rhetoric and their balance between topics of socio-political and literary interest, the anonymous contributors held the interest of the educated classes in Italy, introducing recent thought such as that of Voltaire and Denis Diderot.
''On Crimes and Punishments'' marked the high point of the Milan Enlightenment. In it, Beccaria put forth some of the first modern arguments against the death penalty. It was also the first full work of penology, advocating reform of the criminal law system. The book was the first full-scale work to tackle criminal reform and to suggest that criminal justice should conform to rational principles. It is a less theoretical work than the writings of Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf and other comparable thinkers, and as much a work of advocacy as of theory. In this essay, Beccaria reflected the convictions of the ''Il Caffè'' group, who sought to cause reform through Enlightenment discourse.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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